Drawing

Politics

Memory

Photography

Letter

Editorial

Feature

Interview

Artist Project

Column

Review

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_Note: the print layout of this text is meaningful. To honour that, we've chosen to upload it as images. [Read or download the PDF.](https://strapi-uploads-c-mag-prod.s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/C157_Salah_75ca3055b1.pdf)_

[^1]: Etel Adnan, _Night_ (New York: Nightboat Books, 2016), 20.

Writer

Kink gives us an opportunity to question the limits of convention as they meet with hierarchical systems. Taking kink as a shapeshifter—a conscious negotiation of desire and relations based on principles like consent—this issue embraces queerness, disobedience, disruption, and complex embodiment. Through artistic explorations of BDSM, impact play, subspace, fan fiction, eroticized debt, Indigenous-settler relations, and more, contributors dive into the fleshy and political consequences of desire as sites to reinvent our bonds to one another.

Kink

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Language

Trish Salah’s poem layers personal grief with current political violences to explore the paradox of a love that persists amidst brutality. 

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Composition: give up your own

Jonathan Scott is an artist and writer based in Toronto. His research focus is Devolved Sculpture and fictioning. He holds a PhD from York University and an MFA from the Glasgow School of Art. 


The curse of hyperaesthesia is petrified under every wrinkle of luminosity on the gilded frame’s surface. 

In/finitely in/visible. 

The craftsman’s hand captures each stratum of matter and memory. A wealth of communicability under/stood only by a discerning ‘eye’ that can bind a moment in One’s blink. 

VAM VAM VAM 

The mallet’s rhythm beats a fallen gold kernel thinner and thinner. 

VAM VAM VAM 

Volcanoes rumbles, plates shift. Golden rivers of magma congeal and flow deep within our core. Folds of liquid layer and merge in a molten loch.
Perpetual presence in ruptures and ripples. Material ethereal planes asking to be communicated in moments of im/pure perception. 

VAM VAM VAM 

The hand of the maker must be invisible. It must not take away from the artist. It must be precise and careful. Support the artwork, not distract from it. The hand of the maker must be invisible. Perfection must always be its ambition. It must not be evident. It must be seamless. Flawless. It must be in harmony with the artwork. The hand of the maker must direct the ‘eye.’ It must enhance the artwork. The hand of the maker must be invisible. It must be Adept. It must know its limits. Its responsibility. Its place. To become one with the artwork. To become the artist’s hand, but never hold it. The hand of the maker must be invisible. 

Leaf – layed leaf. 

Pushing his hand over the coarse surface, his thoughts travel to the aggravation of touch only T.I.M.E can heal. Pitted and scorched, a haptic chaos. Scratches, spots, ruptures. What calm can be found if each pause is infinitesimal? 
“You won’t be able to see it, you can only feel it!” she shrieks. 

He – holds – his – breath. Slowly. 
Ex – hale. Breath – shallow. In – hale. Short, light, In, Ex. 

With each undulation of his chest, reflections of gold flicker in his periphery. A flick of his finger bats the air. Eddies of wind spiral and catch the leaf, whipping it back into shape. The perfect square reforms, only to fold and roll into tubular waves of vermillion and dusk. 

The surface ripples. Currents take form and instantly disappear. Repeated, shifting peaks succumb to troughs of imminent energy as light hits and holds to each plane. Mountains of tiny mountains. Their frenetic alteration at nauseating speed. Rough, calm, round, down. Sharp, flat. From each direction nowhere is up. Nowhen never available, always present. 

VAM VAM VAM 

His raft of experience floats on the underside of the river. 
Sinking further and further away from its surface. A void of 
deafness. What can be held onto if not the experience of 
the past. Its existence in the present un/deniable and 
un/detachable from now. There is a real calling. 

The ripples slow. 

He sits patiently waiting for the size to 
dry, gripping the gold as it does. His 
mentor, dead now, led him into a 
trade that would carry him 
through his artistic life. A 
supporting role as a 
framer. As a framer of 
artworks. As a 
framer. ~~As a 
framer of 
T.I.M.E~~ 
 

The body 
sits poised in 
precarity, the 
legs of the human 
and chair equally 
unbalanced. A halo of 
luminosity shimmering on 
each canvas as ghosts or 
returning souls. Muscles torque in 
strokes of pink grey oil. The painted 
blobs ooze out. Nor body, nor mark. The 
directions are dot . dot . dot . dash – Hoop, 
swivel. Abject mass of pictorial illusion. When a 
disembodied figure is fixed in time, what is framing 
it? Is it the affected plane or ornate structure around 
it? For him, it was the structure that broke the barrier of 
time. The frame made the image an object, brought into the 
now. The frame was the transition of the inside to the out. As 
the shadow falls, the ground feels stable. The light between each 
panel refracts. Blinding at once, shallow at next. Lines of gold shot 
outward. Glossy horizons of matrixed ostentation give way to matte 
passages of doubtable imitation. 

 
On a surface so pristine as yours the dents and bumps take precedence. 
“Don’t look, they’re not important,” she shrieks. 
But they look at you. Telling you of their T.I.M.E. Their accident. That moment that moves 
slower in your mind, but unescapably faster in our real. 
Birds chirp incessantly. 
His body doesn’t move, but is in constant flux. Each leaf sealed till the next accident. The rub of the hand, 
fingerprints buried deep within the strata of its surface. Who am ‘eye’ to lay claim to the importance of the 
frame? 

Body morphed. A slight cut. Face ripped. Hold/Hold/Hold/Hold/Stop. 

With one foul move the leaf is lost. 

He lays the leaf on the gilders pad again. Out of its book, it becomes instantly vulnerable, far removed from its signification. Maneuvering it takes a decisive patience. Each leaf a membrane of air trapped in precious metal. It wants to adhere to any surface it can, even if that surface is absent. The pressure of its worth makes any episode of its use fraught. 

In/visible in/finitely 

The clouds appeared as a static moth-eaten blanket. He ran his eyes across the pitted and pocked surface. The unfiltered sun shone down, exaggerating each im/perfection. Cruising over their fluidity, Mina’s questions took hold of his thoughts. Was it simply a difference of perspective that granted access to the refractured equality between matter and self, or was it a plane of delusion that pulled one into an image-thought of existence? 

VAM VAM VAM 

The moth in the window reanimated. Its wings slowly closing and opening, their tips never touching. The vibrations of air resonating with every awakening beat. Its echo
inaudible. 

VAM VAM VAM 

Shards of golden light pierce the window, cutting sharp bars through space. Flecks of blinding gold dust flutter in and out of focus with every breath. 

VAM VAM VAM 

He can see the ocean now. Far below the clouds. Ripples of tranquility patterned with shadows of moisture. The moment just before. 
She is gone.

This issue embraces the expansive nature of craft—focusing on the relationships among artists and their materials in conversation with lineage, embodied processes, function, survival, and life as it is lived. Many contributors elaborate on craft as perpetual motion: continually reformed bonds in the act of making that serve as proof of self-definition. Artists and writers explore the psychedelia of time devoted to a loom, material kinship, tea encounter, sentimentality as a curatorial drive, and more, following craft as it moves through families, diasporic realities, and markets of trade, tourism, and commercial art.


Craft

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Time

Jonathan Scott draws on his experience as a gilder to think of a sheet of gold leaf as a shimmering plane of time. Moving through disparate memories as they intertwine with the gilding process, Scott’s experimental text generates questions about what is and what isn’t visible of the craftsperson’s hand.


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Composition: – GILD – Dedicated to V.T.G.N.R.S.M

Sumin Hwang is an artist, researcher, and arts worker based in Brooklyn. She is from San Diego, CA, Houston, TX, and the Korean Peninsula. She is currently excited about devotion, desire, monstrosity, and Clarice Lispector. 


The nine figures in the photograph are split by 25 scissor-cut lines. At the critical moment of the shutter’s closure, the figure in the bottom left-hand corner shifted—her destiny is to be forever in a state of blur. While mostly everyone purses their lips into tight lines, her mouth hangs just slightly open, as if on the cusp of speech. One of the 25 cuts splices right across her eyeline. For a moment, her mind, hidden under bowl-cut hair, floated separate from the rest of her body in garbage piles. What would she have said once reunited with her mind?

For its age, the black-and-white print has been well-preserved, the recent incisions its only notable surface scars. Each sitter’s age places the image within the early 20th century in Korea. In the catalog for the Los Angeles County Museum of Art exhibition “The Space Between: The Modern in Korean Art” (2022–2023), Kwon Heangga articulates the links between the emergence of Korean photography and Japanese colonial rule. As Kwon writes: 

> ##### After its victory in the Russo-Japanese War, Japan began promoting various war sites as tourist destinations, a project that included selling photographs of the locations as souvenirs and mementos of national pride. Today, most extant photos of Korea or Koreans from around the turn of the twentieth century were taken either by Japanese or Western photographers and thus present Korea under an exoticist or anthropological gaze. [1] 


“Rediscovered” images of anonymous, everyday life have come to be known as “found photography,” which largely encompasses any photograph “not originally intended as art” that has since “taken on new meaning when reordered and recontextualized.” [^2] Found photography derives its name from “found art” or “found objects,” art that is created from items that already have (a) “non-art” functions or (b) frequently circulate within broader commercial markets. [^3] As artists began to integrate and resituate components that might otherwise be widely exchanged and multiplied, the introduction of the found object as art object in the early 20th century posed a threat to artistic singularity and opened larger discussions regarding artistic anonymity, models of cultural production, and commercial circulation.

Since the ’70s, the accessibility and plasticity of found photographs have drawn greater interest from institutional curators, archivists, and collectors alike. [^4] Many of these survived images of “anonymous” life, frequently acquired by means of flea markets, estate sales, the garbage, or otherwise, have been subsumed in bulk into Western archives. With the case of early vernacular Korean photographs, research institutions such as the New York Public Library and the LIFE Picture Collection have acquired and now steward large quantities of images from the 20th century—they encourage us to become wide-eyed voyeurs, to liberally assign new meaning, to “go
forth and reuse!” [^5]. 


In considering the tensions between access, agency, and archival dispossession, I look to Tina M. Campt’s critical approach to found photography. Interrogating the categorical adjective “found,” Campt argues that when collectors, curators, and audiences characterize an image as an “unidentified, ownerless image-object,” the image’s “primary state is ‘lost’ or, more precisely, loss—a loss of identity, a loss of place, a loss of attachment.” [^6] Within this zone of loss, viewers are instead invited to fill in the gaps through a supposedly neutral ritual of non-consensual discovery and comprehension. In his seminal book _Poetics of Relation_, Édouard Glissant urges us to challenge this reflexive desire to comprehend, a word whose etymology lies in the Latin root _prehendere_: “to seize; catch; occupy violently.” [^7] Carefully evaluating the stakes of transparency and visibility, Glissant reasserts the power of a person’s, or even an object’s, “right to opacity”—a liberatory framework that leans into the stickiness of inevitable difference, “accept[ing] the unintelligibility, impenetrability and confusion that often characterize[s] cross-cultural communication.” [^8] In line with Glissant’s notions of opacity, how might we imagine the fate of a photograph that does not eagerly anticipate its own recirculation?

This is not to equate opacity and unknowability with an inherent mysticism or pretentiousness. Rather, I am interested in how images that lie beyond the public assert an intimate type of refusal: refusal to be reassigned, refusal to be commodified, a fundamental refusal to be known by the world. As more and more “found” images of formerly (and still) colonized states are uncovered and circulated, they are frequently re–called upon to cyclically push the same neocolonial agendas that set the stage for their original violent capture. In response to this phenomenon, Campt attunes herself to the latent fugitivity of these images—recognizing them not for overt melodrama or heroism, but rather for their ability to quietly remember survived performances of the everyday.[^9] Resisting the demands of infinite circulation, may we embrace survived, dusty, and invisible images as archival “killjoys”—difficult objects that resist the overbearing expectations of documentary images and circulation. [^10]


This is a call to let them be still.

●

My mother successfully recovered 24 of the image’s 25 fragments from the trash. I am forever grateful for her commitment to the sacred, granting me the opportunity to see my grandmother as a child for the first time. During my mother’s subsequent visit to the US, she carefully traveled with the image’s 24 remaining pieces, and we collectively reassembled and restaged its original capture nearly a century later in Nashville, TN. Three of the photograph’s direct descendants, including my mother and I, quietly participated in this performance of arranging, taping, and memorializing, an ode to lives past. Within this performance of the everyday, there lay no hidden agenda, commercial novelty, or artistic genius—only the collective project of caring for a bodily archive lost and reborn over.


[^1]: Kwon Heangga, “The Birth and Gestation of Korean Photography (1880s–1960s),” in The Space Between: The Modern in Korean Art, ed. Virginia Moon, Nora Noh (Los Angeles: Delmonico Books/ Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2022): 123.
[^2]: “Found photography,” Wikipedia, last modified July 27, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_photography
[^3]: “Found object,” Wikipedia, last modified October 10, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_object
[^4]: Douglas R. Nickel, "The Snapshot: Some Notes," in Snapshots: The Photography of Everyday Life, 1888 to the Present, ed. Douglas Nickel (San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 1998): 12–13.
[^5]: Shana Kimball, “Free for All: NYPL Enhances Public Domain Collections for Sharing and Reusing,” New York Public Library, 2016, https://www.nypl.org/blog/2016/01/05/share-public-do-main-collections
[^6]: Tina M. Campt, Listening to Images (Durham: Duke University Press, 2017): 81.
[^7]: Édouard Glissant, Poetics of Relation, trans. Betsy. Wing (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990).
[^8]: “Opacité/Opacity (Édouard Glissant),” Keywords in Transcultural English Studies, last modified May 4, 2017, http://www.transcul-tural-english-studies.de/opacite-opaci-ty-edouard-glissant
[^9]: Campt, 91.
[^10]: Sara Ahmed, “In Conversation with Judith Butler,” feminist-killjoys, last modified July 26, 2023, https://feministkilljoys.com/2023/07/26/in-conversa-tion-with-judith-butler

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Found

Sumin Hwang ties the vernacular of craft to vernacular photography, or images of everyday life. After the institutional boom of found photography, especially as images from colonized states are uncovered and circulated in the West, Hwang attunes to how these images retain a fundamental refusal to be known and commodified.

One Thing: This File Cannot Be Found

Shalaka Jadhav is based between Block 2 of the Haldimand Tract (Kitchener, ON) and Treaty 1 (Winnipeg, MB). Trained as an urban planner, they took the advice of an aptitude test to pursue curatorial studies and currently practice as an independent curator, writer, and service designer. Shalaka curates projects for Textile, a hyperlocal project on the Haldimand Tract, and is a Visiting Curator at the University of Manitoba’s School of Art Gallery. They currently hold roles at OCAD University and, more recently, at the Blackwood. 


Suzanne Morrissette is an artist, curator, and scholar from Winnipeg. Her father’s parents were Michif- and Cree-speaking Métis with family histories tied to the Interlake and Red River regions and Scrip in the area now known as Manitoba. Her mother’s parents came from Canadian-born farming families descended from United Empire Loyalists and Mennonites expelled from Russia. 


On November 18, 2023, the Centre for Cultural and Artistic Practice (C’cap)— formerly a gallery called Blinkers Art and Project Space—was launched under the continued leadership of Winnipeg artist Luther Konadu. The intentional move toward a community arts and project space will allow it to continue to support exhibition artists, while acknowledging and extending into broader cultural ecosystems to enable conditions for ongoing practice. In conversation with Konadu, Shalaka Jadhav and Suzanne Morrissette reflect upon the needs of art centres and their models today. 

> **Suzanne Morrissette: Can you introduce yourself and your role at C’cap?** 

**Luther Konadu:** I’m the sole director, an all-encompassing role that includes day-to-day operations,administrative dimensions, seeking and working with other volunteers, attending to visitors, as well as curatorial programming, grantwriting, and working with a board that I recently put together. 

> **SM: We know you’re also an artist; how does that factor into how you approach your role?** 

**LK:** I’m always an artist first. I came in to run the space as an artist, and as an artist who’s always been curious about other artists’ work: what motivates their thinking, the work they make, and why they stick with it. I’m constantly curious about what drives artists to stick with creating, exhibiting, and extending themselves through their practice over a long period of time. That kind of curiosity is very much a central part of how I go about my role in the space, and who I collaborate and am in community with. 

> **Shalaka Jadhav: Can you share a little bit about how the rebrand for C’cap came about?** 

**LK:** When I initially took over the lease two years ago, I wanted to delineate what was there before and where we could go. Part of this delineation included a name change. This took time, as I wanted to be intentional and careful with that process. I wanted accessible language for anyone who isn’t in the arts or who isn’t familiar with the space and what we do. Last fall, through some collective brainstorming, I arrived at the “Centre for Cultural and Artistic Practice” to suggest activities that go beyond exhibitions and beyond merely viewing objects in a room. Contemporary art doesn’t exist in a vacuum, and I’ve always been itching to see a space (at least in Winnipeg) that considers, central to its programming, the broader cultural ecosystem it emerges from. I’m interested in alternative ways of thinking about what a space like this can hold and how this expands who our publics could be. We are currently going through a consultation process of translating the name to reflect the First Nations communities here in Treaty 1. 

> **SJ: How do you want people to see C’cap? Is it a continuation of Blinkers, or does it signal something else?** 

**LK:** It is decisively a rebirth untethered to anything previous. Not merely a change of name but of ethos. 

> **SM: What changes in the ethos?** 

**LK:** What’s important is being in community and commingling with other disciplines beyond the visual arts, such as literary arts, theatre arts, sound art, etc. Blurring those artificial divisions allows us to think beyond established conventions regarding what else an institution like a gallery can offer as a space and a platform within our own modest means. It doesn’t escape me that we are a very small space, but my ambitions aren’t contained by architecture. 

> **SM: In our work together, Shalaka and I talk quite a bit about the way that galleries work administratively. With this more intentional move toward _community_ as a project space, how are you thinking about governance at C’cap?** 

**LK:** This is frankly one of those crucial areas that isn’t resolved enough for me to express it well. It is still something that is very much a process of development and learning for me. It is not something I have a complete and predetermined view of as I step toward the future. 

I will say that, so far, a significant part of how things have been running is through volunteering, including myself. The impetus behind this is a desire to see C’cap flourish. It is a labour of love. Profit is out of the question, and we aren’t prioritizing personal gain; rather, it’s about having something that we all can experience and enjoy. We give a little bit of ourselves, our time, our skills, etc. It all adds up to something more formidable. I think that’s also one thing that is great about working in Winnipeg. It has the kind of community support that you can cultivate and benefit from without having to be heavily reliant on funding. Of course, funding is very important and crucial, but it’s always good to think about, well, if we don’t get a grant one time, then what do we do? And thinking about other contingencies to be able to be independent. 

> **SM: The way you talk about volunteerism in the space, it’s almost like service to community organizations. I’m thinking about how the idea of a “labour of love” can mean a dedication to a vision, while at the same time it can signal the state of challenges in the arts field where labouring in precarity becomes normative and standard. How does this new model ideally work into the future and for you to keep to your vision?**
 

**LK:** A big, big part of it is persistence through setbacks, having an intrinsic sense of determination, passion, introspection, and seeing the significance of what I’m doing. It is a huge encouragement to see how much it means to both the artists that I work with and the community who engages with it. It’s still something that I am learning, and I don’t really think that it’s something I’m doing on my own. For the moment, I think working from a place of love is what keeps this in motion for me. I’m definitely interested in the possibility of not exclusively relying on funding bodies, but thinking about other means of supporting ourselves and aligning the right resources to be able to achieve what we set out to do. 

> **SM: Do you feel that the current climate for arts funding is restrictive in some ways then?** 

**LK:** If you are starting out, you are essentially out on your own as far as the foundational capital required to get the ball rolling. In this way, it is often difficult for new, potentially cycle-breaking initiatives to take off and sustain themselves without fizzling out. If you don’t have a strong community around you to support the vision, it becomes nearly impossible unless you are independently wealthy. Even at that point, you are likely to be—and understandably—a commercial space.

I wish arts funders wouldn’t be too afraid to take risks: instead of favouring more and more funds toward 50-plus-year-old institutions with often stale ways of engaging with contemporary arts, I wish these funders could take a chance on the new generation of thinkers and cultural workers with a livelier energy to direct fresher paths forward. In a discursive sense, I think it stifles the larger cultural health of the country in relation to its role in a global contemporary-art ecosystem. 

> **SJ: How will you know that this shift is achieving what you set out to achieve?** 

**LK:** Some signs of achievement for me would be when I start seeing people I don’t usually see coming through, when I start engaging with cultural workers who are interested in our intentions, and when there are more successful collaborations. 

> **SJ: What values do you hope to shine through at C’cap? Is this about breaking down silos that divide our communities artistically?** 

**LK:** My hope is to continue to cross over into a larger community that may not consider itself to be in the arts. I want it to be a space that takes seriously the partnerships and collaborations that it has with artists, and various cultural workers. I want it to be a space that is hospitable and isn’t alienating to audiences. I want it to be a space that’s serious about creating and maintaining friendships and being present for people. And overall, for it to be an approachable space. 

> **SM: What about the art scene today feels most alienating to you? What are some examples of ways that C’cap can help to address these challenges?** 

**LK:** I guess when I say alienating, I mean it in a few different ways. Some aren’t intentionally alienating, but the outcomes of operations create those conditions. It is a tricky tightrope to navigate, and that’s part of the learning process I’m making myself open to as someone running an arts space. One way I think about the alienating potential of this work stems from what an organization names itself and how it visually presents to the public. Another related dimension is how artworks or programs are communicated (the type of language used) or presented to audiences. Then there are also the intentions behind who and what gets programmed and who does not or has not historically been represented. I am very cognizant of these complex navigations and committed to working at responding to a mix of communities with whom C’cap is in relation.

Luther Konadu is an artist, writer, editor of _Public Parking_, and director of C’cap: Centre for Cultural and Artistic Practices. He lives and works on Treaty 1 territory (Winnipeg). 


Speaker

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Curatorial practice

Institutional critique

Shalaka Jadhav and Suzanne Morrissette speak to Luther Konadu about his directorship of the newly launched Centre for Cultural and Artistic Practice in Winnipeg, and how the space plans to bridge divisions between artistic genres, to be relevant to “a larger community that may not consider itself to be in the arts.”

Tilling: The Centre for Cultural and Artistic Practice: In Conversation with Luther Konadu

francesca ekwuyasi is a learner, storyteller, and multidisciplinary artist born in Lagos, Nigeria. Her debut novel _Butter Honey Pig Bread_ won the 2022 Writers’ Trust Dayne Ogilvie Prize for LGBTQ2S+ Emerging Writers, was a finalist for the 2021 Canada Reads competition, Governor General’s Award, Amazon First Novel Award, Lambda Literary Award, and ReLit Award, and was longlisted for the 2020 Giller Prize and the 2022 Dublin Literary Award. Her non-fiction debut is _Curious Sounds: A Dialogue in Three Movements_, a non-fiction experimental collaboration with Roger Mooking. 

 

While writing her MFA thesis in the summer of 2020, Racquel Rowe read _Frying Plantain_ (2019), a collection of short stories written by Zalika Reid-Benta on the coming of age of a young Jamaican Canadian girl in Toronto’s Little Jamaica neighbourhood. The experiences of the text’s protagonist, Kara, deeply resonated with Rowe’s own experiences as an immigrant. There is a particular scene in the book where Kara returns home to Jamaica and is playing with her cousins in the backyard. It’s almost dinner time. While preparing soup, her cousin Rodney picks up one of the chickens running around the yard and wrings its neck, leaving Kara in a state of shock. In response to her reaction, Rodney asks if people don’t make chicken soup in Canada, to which Kara replies, “We do; the chicken is just dead first.” These words provide the title for Rowe’s recent exhibition at ARTSPLACE Gallery in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. To Rowe: “That sentence blew my mind open and changed everything about how I thought of how all the works [in the show are] interconnected: that was me being in two places at once. […] You’re […] hybrid and feel like you don’t quite fit at home […] or fit in the new place. I feel like those tensions are also present when I present my work at home [in Barbados] versus in Canada.” 

 

Rowe’s exhibition, “The Chicken Is Just Dead First” (2023), came from her MFA thesis work on home and family. Echoing the emphasis on maternal relations in Reid-Benta’s stories, Rowe’s mother and grandmother play a prominent role as collaborators in the exhibition. Like Rowe, her mother is also formally trained in the arts, having studied at Barbados Community College.  Before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Rowe’s practice primarily focused on solo performance. Recalling these performances, Rowe notes, “At times they were a little camp, a little kinky. […] There was just a lot of things happening [in them]. And I wasn’t entirely focusing my practice on historical or cultural research at that point.” It wasn’t until she returned home to Barbados during the COVID-19 lockdowns, where she had less access to filming gear and technical support, that she was driven to rely on what she had more immediate access to: a camera, a tripod, and her family. She began filming intimate moments of her mother braiding her hair. This ritual between mother and daughter would eventually become _Mummy Please do my Hair_ (2020), a 25-minute video montage spanning several sittings. Rowe is on the floor, nestled between her mother’s open knees, while her mother sits on a tan and brown couch. Initially, the performative context for this depiction of mundane familial moments was not intentional. Rowe was mainly focused on recording moments that compelled her, “and that was one of the rituals that was interesting to me,” she explains. 

 

Another home ritual that appears across Rowe’s body of work is the act of cooking with her grandmother, who is in her mid-eighties. Rowe took it upon herself to learn how to cook traditional Bajan dishes that she otherwise would not know how to make. Her paternal grandmother cooks Sunday lunch—a culturally significant family tradition in the Caribbean. Rowe thinks about what would happen to that tradition when her grandmother is no longer around. She wonders what happens to family traditions when matriarchs die. In the video _Making Sweetbread with Gran_ (2020), Rowe and her grandmother take turns kneading and folding the sweetbread dough in their kitchen in Barbados. They chat, add different ingredients to the mix, and taste the dough throughout the process. In the background, we can hear music from the radio and television news snippets on the topic of COVID-19. Rowe tells me about the process of making sweetbread: it was “so labour-intensive that I’m physically tired whenever I cook with her. And it amazes me that that’s what she’s doing on a weekly basis, the slow making that a lot of people are not afforded the time for.” Elsewhere, Rowe films her grandmother for an interview series. On camera, Rowe explains, her grandmother “comes alive. […] [Rowe] want[s] to hear about all of her stories.” 

 

_Mummy Please do my Hair, Making Sweetbread with Gran_, and _Saltfish and Rice_ (2020)—in which Rowe’s mother prepares saltfish and rice with instructions from her own mother delivered in a phone call—all share a similar slice-of-life dynamic that contrasts the embodied performative videos that compose the rest of “The Chicken Is Just Dead First.” _Washing Rice II_ (2019) features footage of the artist lying face down against a purple backdrop, as her head becomes slowly buried in a mound of white rice. _Dumpling, Dough, Body_ (2021) shows the artist sitting on the floor against a bag of flour while kneading dough into her body. Across these performative works is a painterly quality evident in the boldness of the visual palette. Rowe’s background in painting emerges in the way she contrasts the brown of her body against the solid bright colours of the backdrop, the whiteness of the flour, and the rice. “It brings to mind how colour interplays. So I think about how things visually speak to each other,” Rowe tells me. 

 

In _Taking Down_ (2021), Rowe is seated against a yellow backdrop while she unbraids her hair. “I’m thinking about […] the private nature of […] the beauty salon,” she says of this piece, “[and] what happens when you feel like someone foreign to that space enters... [as well as] the vulnerability that you feel in that moment sitting in that chair. […] What would it feel like to have that act be public? Because taking down your hair is intimate. It’s very private. [Audience responses] are different when it’s a predominantly Black audience [rather] than a predominantly white audience who is confused about what is happening. And I actually think the confusion of the white audience is kind of cheeky. I don’t mind the confusion with no explanation.” Because Rowe’s body is the focus of these works, they elicit varying responses informed by the cultural and historical context of where the work is shown. What is striking, startling, or even confusing in a white Canadian art context may be received entirely differently in Barbados. This gives her body of work a particular malleability, wherein the audience’s own personal, political, racial, and cultural histories impact how the work is seen. Perhaps this is true of all art. However, Rowe’s work is deeply compelling in its unflinching brazen tenderness even as it maintains a level of humour.   

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Video

Diaspora

In the third entry of the Otherwise column, co-presented with the Centre for the Study of Black Canadian Diaspora, francesca ekwuyasi speaks with Racquel Rowe about how maternal knowledges rooted in the cultural and historical context of Barbados informed “The Chicken Is Just Dead First,” (2023) her exhibition at ARTSPLACE Gallery in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. 

The Chicken Is Just Dead First: Racquel Rowe on Home, Place, the Body, and Family

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Gallery 44

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Salena Barry is a writer from Toronto, Canada, who is currently based in London, UK. She was a 2021 Frieze New Writer and a 2022 Jerwood Writer in Residence. She has written for institutions including Delfina Foundation and Site Gallery as well as for publications including _Frieze, ArtReview,_ and _Emergent Magazine._


“Someone walked right across it,” Qualeasha Wood tells me about an exhibition in which she placed one of her tapestries on the gallery floor. “It was a tapestry with my face and my body on it, and so I felt that pain of being stepped on. It felt violent.” After the show, she decided not to place her textiles on the floor in this way again, although she continues to experiment with the way she shows her work. For her, the moment was a lesson in how people view textiles, and by extension, craft. It demonstrated how quickly something can go from being art that is respected, like her other works hung on nearby walls, to something that is not. 

Working primarily in Jacquard tapestry and tufting, Wood doesn’t mind her work being called craft or art, but she tells me that in the last few years, she has been increasingly referred to as a textile artist. As a Black American artist who comes from a family working in printing and photography, she draws from a rich personal and political history of Black American craft and art production. However, as much as her practice fits into this lineage, or perhaps because it does, she troubles discrete categorizations. Black American creative production has always been difficult to align with existing Western genres, because its makers were historically excluded from the structures (social, academic, etc.) and communities that created them. This necessitated creating beyond and in spite of these categories. 

Wood’s tuftings, bright and cartoonish at first glance, are forms of storytelling. Unlike tapestries, which are woven on a loom, tufting involves a needle, or tufting gun more contemporarily, which draws yarn through a backing fabric to create a series of U-shaped loops on its surface. When Wood saw people, notably men, use tufting to create trendy commercial products— think Supreme-logo rugs—to make money quickly, she thought otherwise: “I wanted to figure out how to have a critical conversation on a rug.” Her tufted works feature a recurring character: a black silhouette of a girl with two Afro puffs and large eyes that peer knowingly at the viewer. This figure approaches and recalls racist Black caricature but stops short of it by not employing any of the exaggerated features that make this imagery offensive. 

Her figures’ cuteness allows Wood to draw viewers in and, upon capturing their interest, the sinister element of her images emerges. Wood replaces the cheerful scenarios or light-hearted hijinks traditionally expected in cartoons with scenes suggesting exclusion, danger, and loss. The referencing of racist caricature through its silhouette symbolizes the continued subjugation of Black bodies, but through means that are less blatant. It is also a way of reclaiming and subverting these images to serve those they are meant to denigrate. By placing this character in uncomfortable scenarios, Wood uses it to demonstrate the realities Black people experience. In _All You Must Hold On To_ (2023), the figure holds another like herself, who rests limply in her arms. Where there should be bright white eyes on this second lifeless figure, there is a single blue teardrop. 

In contrast, Wood’s tapestries are more hi-fi: internet-age collages rendered in fabric. Text boxes, screenshots, emojis, menu bars, cursors, and the signature red, yellow, and green macOS window buttons are abundant. The result looks like a screen that is glitchy and frozen after opening too many tabs, folders, and images. These tapestries feature images of the artist—mostly selfies taken on a webcam or phone—and chronicle her online experiences, which have included doxxing. 

In _Clout Chasin’_ (2023), she incorporates screenshots from real online exchanges. A text box on the top right of the work shows an exchange between Wood and a user named “James” (his last name pixelated) in the comments of a Facebook post. James writes, “Qualeasha were you born to Crack head parents?” Underneath, Wood matter-of-factly responds, “Nope both military veterans!” The artist has received many comments like these, many of them much worse than what she has chosen to depict. “I didn't want to put the worst things in [my tapestries] because I just didn’t really feel like I needed to use the most graphic thing in the world for people to grasp how fucked up it is that the average person will just have interactions like these casually with zero consequence.” 

By fixing the ephemeral and fast-paced nature of the internet in fabric, Wood slows and solidifies the experience of being a Black femme online for contemplation. Instead of being able to ctrl+alt+delete away, we are forced to look. More than that, part of her decision to work in Jacquard weaving and tufting relates to specific moments and places from her home life, such as her grandmother’s house, where a blanket depicted photographic images of her grandchildren. Wood’s tuftings were inspired by a Looney Tunes rug in her childhood room. Using these materials to articulate and grapple with her experiences shows how those encounters continue to linger in the reality we inhabit after clicking away and powering off, as well as how deeply felt memories are—they can be held, they have a texture. When I ask Wood about her decision to transfer the images she makes onto textiles as opposed to paper, she explains that “how something feels is sometimes more important than what it looks like.” In her tapestries, which could be dismounted from the gallery walls and wrapped around the viewer, Wood withdraws the possibility of comfort and leaves the viewer cold and bare in front of her reality. Here, both recalling and subverting the usual function of blankets expands the work’s conceptual purpose. 

Stereotypes about craft have associated it with the domestic space and handmade objects. Although Wood does not shy away from these ideas of craft, she destabilizes assumptions about them. She shows her work in galleries, hanging them as one would paintings. With her tapestries, she has removed herself from a large part of the physical production. She creates digital images, then sends them to an industrial weaver in South Carolina where they are uploaded to a computer. The data is then sent to a machine that autonomously weaves the physical work. The results are, unsurprisingly, technically perfect. Every thread is held impeccably in place, nothing too taut or too loose. Walking up to the works in person feels like being let in on a magician’s secret. The weave looks so perfect that it plays with the potentially lowered expectations of technical precision toward craft forms. Wood’s practice also calls into question how the hand of the maker is valued. While handicraft has not often been elevated in Western categories of art, evidence of the maker’s hands in other media like painting and sculpture has been seen to transcend human imperfection and idiosyncrasy to become literal “strokes of genius.” 

Despite their unblemished technical appearance, there are imperfections in Wood’s tapestries. These imperfections come from errors that Wood leaves in the digital files, which then show up on the weavings— pixels misplaced, images interrupted. In this way, and by adding beaded embellishment to the tapestries after receiving them, she shows her hand. Craft objects are often designated as such through the materials and processes, whether by hand or machine, involved in their creation. [^1] Wood’s beading feels more connected to craft while her industrially woven tapestries feel akin to fabrication methods used by artists like Damien Hirst or Ai Weiwei. This industrial production encroaches on another line, between art and commercial product. By using a process typically meant to mass-produce, Wood upsets the notion of singularity or limited production as a marker of value through the object’s ability to be replicated. Wood’s fabrication methods that span art, craft, and product remind viewers that minor differences in context can tip an object from one category into another. Sometimes these differences are so indistinguishable that the validity and utility of these categories feels flimsy. 

In the gallery space, categorizations are also negotiated. Bringing objects into the gallery certainly changes the expectations placed on them. “I never created my work for the places it exists in now,” Wood says. She used to hang her work by nailing it to the wall. “It only created small holes,” which did not bother her, but would be deemed damages in a commercial gallery, where significant efforts are made to preserve a sense of art’s preciousness. Now when Wood shows in galleries, invisible fastening mechanisms must be created so that her pieces lie flush, like paintings, against the wall. She also tells me that she and other textile artists have been asked to change the materials they use, materials they enjoy working with, so that they are more appealing to buyers and can be better preserved: “These are the things your work has to lose to enter these spaces.” Wood feels that the increased interest in textile work mirrors the rise of interest in Black artists around the time of George Floyd’s death and the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests. By working in service of the market, and attempting to demonstrate their diversity, galleries and museums show these works without a deeper concern either for the works’ materiality or the communities in which they are embedded. Wood thinks this is a troubling trajectory: “My concern for textiles right now is that we’re going to start losing a connection with the medium, and it’s going to be more about the content than the technical skill.” 

In the wider lineage of Black American textile work, technical skills, such as quiltmaking, provided a range of functions from self-expression to community building, and for those who were enslaved, it could facilitate emancipation as well. When Africans were forcibly taken from their homelands and brought to the Americas as slaves, their outlets for expression were greatly limited. For Black women in the United States, quiltmaking became a means of marking out space for expression on their own terms. They took pieces of the cotton they picked, spun and sewed them for slave owners, and used the materials to make quilts in their quarters after the day’s work was done. For example, ex-slave Fannie May Moore describes her mother “work[ing] in the field all day and piec[ing] and quilt[ing] all night.” [^2] This making was communal and ultimately passed down generationally—seen, for instance, in the experimental minimalist designs of the Gee’s Bend quilters who had been quilting in the Alabama hamlet since the 19th century. In rarer cases, slave women’s technical skills allowed them to purchase their own manumission. [^3] More famously, the quilts along sections of the Underground Railroad hung on the laundry lines and banisters of “safe houses” and used a range of symbols to guide escaped slaves from the US north to Canada. These quilts signalled paths toward safety. [^4] 

Despite these women’s mastery of textiles, their works have been historically overlooked based on Western designations that denigrate women’s work and craft. The latter term and its associations removed textile works from critical conversations involving other two-dimensional arts like painting and drawing. [^5] Additionally, the identities of the makers—slaves, women, Black— all worked to exclude them artistically as much as they did socially, politically, and economically. Despite this, the primary goal of these makers was not to win the appreciation or acknowledgement of larger Western and white audiences. These quilts were threads linking them to cultures lost in the middle passage. Take, for example, Guinea-born slave Louiza Francis Combs’s woven wool blanket (c. 1890) that, with its asymmetrical horizontal lines, draws on Mandé spirituality. The Mandé believed that evil spirits could only travel along straight lines, and so this object serves multiple purposes—beautification, warmth, and spiritual protection. [^6] Indeed, many of the cultures on Africa’s west coast from which slaves were taken shared the view that art and life were intrinsically intertwined. For them, an object’s utility did not demote it to a lesser category. According to Malian historian and ethnologist Amadou Hampâté Bâ, “[S]ince all objects and actions were endowed with special meanings, every gesture or movement was considered art—nothing was considered to be utilitarian, domestic, or recreational alone.” [^7] 

Perhaps today, a question of function still exists in delineations of craft and art. In craft critic Rose Slivka’s influential 1961 essay “The New Ceramic Presence,” she writes, “At the point that all links with the idea of function have been severed, it leaves the field of the crafts.” [^8] However, since the ’60s, global art practices that serve express functions have widely emerged, from creating social gathering spaces to providing public education. Additionally, the craft-oriented practices of artists like Adebunmi Gbadebo present more contemplative paths. In works such as _In Memory of Carrie Dash, 1903–1930, Here I Lay My Burden Down, B.A.S._ (2023), Gbadebo creates pots using clay from the land her enslaved ancestors worked in South Carolina, where their very materiality holds historical and emotional significance away from Slivka’s ideas of function. As Wood notes about the increased appearance of textiles in art spaces, what seems to happen is that fine art expands to accommodate elements previously considered craft. This process often asks “craft-now-art” to ignore its practical origins and relationship to the materiality of life. As this reframing takes place, the question of who it serves becomes more relevant. Moreover, protecting what is at stake in craft—alternative relationships with objects made through creative expression—becomes increasingly urgent. 

As Black American textile practices like Wood’s and others demonstrate, there is much room for negotiation in the boundaries of craft and art. Dawn Williams Boyd uses the collage-like aesthetic of quiltmaking to depict stirring narrative imagery, while Bisa Butler’s vibrant works are created through a technique that many note makes them nearly indistinguishable from painting. Faith Ringgold, whom Wood met while she was studying at Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), is another important example—her “story quilts” were born out of necessity. Practically, she chose the medium because she wanted to create work light enough to carry on her own without her husband’s help. Her content came from the desire to tell stories about Black people on her own terms. Working in quilts, with their historical significance to Black Americans, was a way of nodding to overlooked Black history. Ringgold elevated this history by painting scenes on to the panels of her quilts. When I ask Wood, who also experimented with quilting while at RISD, if she sees herself as part of this lineage of Black textile artists, she says that she does. Then she reminds me that Black history is cyclical. I suppose it’s like a needle pulling thread, circling as it binds histories, categories, and people. 

[^1]: T’ai Smith, “The Problem with Craft,” _Art Journal_ 75, no.1 (Spring 2016): 80, accessed August 16, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1080/00043249.2016.1171544; and Howard Risatti, _A Theory of Craft: Function and Aesthetic Expression_ (Chapel Hill: The University Of North Carolina Press, 2013), 17.
[^2]: Lisa E. Farrington, _Creating Their Own Image: The History of African-American Women Artists_ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 28.
[^3]: Floris Barnett Cash, “Kinship and quilting: An examination of an African-American tradition,” _The Journal of Negro History_ 80, no.1 (Winter 1995): 33.
[^4]: Farrington, 33–36. 
[^6]: Ibid., 28.
[^5]: Ibid., 27.
[^7]: Claire Polakoff, “Crafts and the Concept of Art in Africa,” _African Arts_ 12, no. 1 (1978): 22.
[^8]: Rose Slivka, “The New Ceramic Presence,” _Craft Horizons_ 21, no. 4 (July/August 1961): 36. 



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Textiles

Technology

Race

Writing on Qualeasha Wood’s practice, Salena Barry traces how the artist straddles textiles and digital imagery, handicraft and industrial fabrication, and craft and commercial art worlds, from a multi-disciplinary lineage of Black American creative production. 

Weaving Through the Binary: Qualeasha Wood's Textile Inheritances

Anni Araújo Spadafora (she/ her) is an interdisciplinary artist based in Toronto. Her work spans performance, music and sound, and textiles. She regularly studies at the Marshfield School of Weaving (Vermont). Recent project and performance sites include Extrapool (Nijmegen, NL), Milieux Institute (Montreal), Gardiner Museum (Toronto), The Khyber Centre for the Arts (Halifax), and the Art Gallery of Ontario. She is also a founding member of the band New Fries, who have released music with Telephone Explosion Records (Toronto) and Soul Jazz Records (London, UK). New Fries has toured across Canada and internationally and opened for The Pop Group, Neil Hagerty, The Ex, and Xiu Xiu (among others).


D. St-Amour (they/she) is a writer, book-maker, and recovering arts worker. Since 2011, St-Amour has held curatorial, administrative, and research positions at a range of institutions, including the AGO, the Walter Phillips Gallery, Art Metropole, and Galerie SBC. St-Amour regularly writes about artists’ books and publishing practices through the lens of visual arts and media history, and is slowly publishing a series of queer sci-fi and speculative fiction books through their slow-press project, specific. place (with co-editor S F Ho). Recently, St-Amour completed an MA in Art History/Visual Cultures at York University, and is currently an MLIS candidate at Western University in London. 


A while ago, I watched a video on Instagram of a weaver cutting a tapestry off her loom. The video was shared by Ramses Wissa Wassef Art Center, a textile studio established in 1952 in Harrania, Egypt. In the video, the weaver takes her shears to the warp threads after completing the weaving of her tapestry. Warp threads are those beamed tautly on a loom and act as the bones of the cloth to be woven into with weft thread. Musically speaking, warp threads are rhythm, weft threads are melody. In front of an audience of friends, family, visitors to the art centre, and other artists/weavers, she slides her shears across the warp threads, slowly releasing the cloth from the tension of the loom. About halfway across the width of the tapestry, her company begins to cheer. The cheering sounds like ceremonial applause. More than the applause you would hear at a performance, this clapping is boisterous and intimate, much like the applause given to a couple entering a dance hall following their marriage officiation, or someone running across the finish line of a marathon. In this moment for the weaver and her company, cutting cloth from the loom is exactly that kind of meaningful event; woven cloth is a ceremony, a mighty accomplishment, a marathon. I later read that the tapestry took her a year to weave. 

When first learning to weave, I enrolled in a ten-week beginner weaving workshop at an adult-education community centre in Etobicoke, taught by Line Dufour. I was the youngest person in a group of mostly retired women, many of whom had been attending the workshop each consecutive season, weaving their work slowly over long periods. One woman had been weaving a tapestry on an upright loom for years, building the textile line by line in weekly two-hour sessions. The piece had a geometric pattern of mostly neutral colors, like hearty electric earth. It was a thrill to see each time I returned to class. Her tapestry had a satisfying balance, graphic boldness, and a quality of woven structure that I’ve later learned comes from good practice and quality time. I was present the day she finished weaving it. Everyone in the workshop gathered around her loom when the time came to cut the tapestry off. She dragged her shears across the warp threads, cutting small groups of threads one at a time, and we all watched as the cloth gradually relaxed from its tension on the loom and slowly sprang to life. A group of us stood around her, gasping and cheering. When it was fully released, a fellow student popped open a champagne bottle and we clapped and cheered loudly. I felt an incredible communion with these women, as we shared in the unique joy of celebrating weaver and cloth. It was a thrill to watch this weaver come to the end of her warp threads—this was her marathon, her mighty accomplishment, and for all of us present, the ceremony. 

I have cut many warps off my loom. It feels like a unique kind of ending after spending countless hours with these threads who become kin, and understanding their challenging yet pleasurable behaviours, while building something that resembles cloth. It is also a very material act of finality, _a marking of time spent absurdly_. And I think this is the ceremony of it, the release so grand that it affirms a commitment to playing with time differently. Eileen Myles wrote in their book _For Now_ (2020), “But if you’re somebody that wants to do that with your life which is just waste your time moment to moment, I mean it’s great, I thought I will waste it being a poet, I threw the gauntlet down and what happened after that was nothing and nothing is where I work.” I’m not a poet, but the absurdity of time spent at the loom feels exactly like what Myles is describing. Weaving cloth by hand—what a waste of time! A ceremonious waste of time. 

A friend and collaborator D. St-Amour paraphrases notes they took during a 2015 writing seminar with Eileen Myles: “They said [that] poetry is a play-shaped language. With poetry, the negative space becomes a place of possibility, its subject is allowed to be aerobic, it is the inflectional space, forced to the fore. This is the space where all of the peripheral and marginal thoughts can happen and are given room. Room to change. They also said, _all subjects are fugitive._ You’re in constant pursuit of the subject. Not to capture it, but to surround the subject with a negative space that can frame it, shape it, [and] allow it to keep an aerobic quality.” 

I want to think of Myles’s poetics alongside Penelope in Homer’s _Odyssey_—a potent story about time at the loom. Penelope’s husband Odysseus is off fighting the Trojan war for 20 years. The people of Ithaca believe that Odysseus has died at war and demand that Penelope find a new suitor imminently so the Ithacans can have a new leader. Penelope promises to comply once she weaves a burial shroud for Odysseus. Penelope is convinced Odysseus is still alive, but needs to buy herself some time in the event he returns home. She spends her days weaving the shroud but at night sneak- ily unweaves whatever length of cloth she’s woven that day. She buys herself time. Penelope’s unweaving is her material modulation of desire and agency and an absurd play with time through her threads. In _In Spite of Plato: A Feminist Rewriting of Ancient Philosophy_ (1995) Adriana Cavarero writes, “Penelope’s epic is the story of inventing new forms of space and time.” 

Perhaps I have an investment in understanding the poetic quality of time spent at the loom because weaving requires so much of it. And time has never been more expensive in this late-capitalist hellscape. I learned very quickly that weaving requires devotion. Anne Low’s sculpture _Bedpost_ (2020) honours this. The Sointula, BC–based artist studies regularly at the Marshfield School of Weaving, a small, rural, independent weaving school in Marshfield, VT—the same school where I developed my foundational weaving skills and regularly return to for study. The weavers who attend workshops all sleep at a small farmhouse located uphill from the barn-based weaving studio. _Bedpost_ is a replica of one of the weavers’ lodging bedposts, a memorial to the beds that host all the weavers who pass through the school. The bedpost is singular and upright, and draped over it is a replica of Low’s work shirt, which is hand-woven, hand-dyed, and adorned with custom silver buttons fabricated by a silversmith. In her 2023 University of Victoria visiting artist lecture, Low described the work as “a garment that represents, in a quiet way, this passage of people practicing this specific skill or method.” A bedpost to honour the many who practice this devotion. [^1] 

Perhaps weaving in the negative space of _nothing_—in that absurd spending of time—is a place of possibility. The threads themselves teach lessons there—this is the stuff of material practice. Sophy Naess, New York–based artist and weaver, says in her publication _Weavers Discourse: Fragments, No. 1 Origins_ (2016), “Perhaps in weaving everything is equal. There is no hierarchy, there is no detail, there is only structure. Color is superficial. The pattern would exist without color. Decorum is possible but not necessary. If you pay attention to the weave you are paying attention to a superstructure that every fiber can be made to participate in. Does it sound fascist? Holistic?” Naess’s collage-like pictorial tapestries are woven with wildly painted warps—there is so little order in her grid of warp and weft. She embellishes her cloth with supplementary weft thread, which brings a material depth to the work, and makes it challenging to recognize the structure. The results are intimate, smudged woven images, almost glitchy from the layers of colour and varied thread-interlacement techniques. They are unlike anything I’ve seen in their vibrancy and complete abandon of how the loom (and the weaver’s shuttle) should be used.[^2] 

A few years before learning to weave, I began writing and performing music with a band called New Fries with Tim Fagan and Jenny Gitman. Two out of three of us had never played music before. New Fries made deconstructed and dissonant pattern music. Succinct, brash, noisy songs with repeated drums, bass, guitar, and voice. Because two of us lacked a language of musicianship, we came to rely on elemental expressions of music to create songs, a language of repetition and dynamics: loud/quiet, fast/slow, space/noise. The music had an absurd performative quality to it and was at times unlistenable. But its urgency demanded attention. The music was not unlike that from the no-wave era of the lower Manhattan neighbourhoods of the late ’70s/early ’80s. Arto Lindsay was the example: attack a guitar with chaos and abandon the convention of use. And like his band DNA, do not emulate any style or tradition, but work to find a language unique to the members of the band. 

For years, weaving and noise music felt at odds with each other. While doing both, I resented weaving for its preciousness, in contrast to the brazen freedom and connectedness that came with making music in a community of bands. I often wondered if weaving was just talking to oneself. I later realized both pattern music and cloth were concerned with repetition as a style and device. Repetition was insistence both atthe loom and with the band: one quiet, one urgent.[^3] Weavers commonly describe an intimacy felt at the loom, in the repetitive psychedelia of weaving, counting threads, and paying close attention to accumulations of patterns and structures. Weaving is also very physical in its cycles of passing the shuttle, beating the weft thread, and beginning again. Our bodies sit at the loom as its choreographed extension, our hands and feet dance as the cloth climbs. It’s cyborg-like. In _Life Is a Weaving_ (2016), Etel Adnan wrote, “The human body is indeed this weaving-loom, our bones the warp, trying to stand in this illusion which space is; and there’s that perpendicular thread to the warp, which we call time, making us invisible crucified ones [...] [T]hat’s how vertigo comes from being suspended by only one thread, from having a destiny as elastic as wools, from being imprisoned in such flexible stitches that one feels covered by a sheepskin and protected against the evening dew and the morning’s, the vertigo comes from the fact that we are a tapestry which can’t be undone and that none can contain.” 

The artist and weaver Paola Besana expressed this more directly in her work _Telai umani (Human Looms)_ (1977–1980). In this performance piece, the mechanics of the loom are performed by multiple bodies, creating the tension and movements for the warp threads to mimic the action of a loom. Warp threads are secured around hands and feet and in collective up-or-down movements to create space for the weft thread to pass and interlace into a woven structure. Cloth is a technical object made of basic elements of warp and weft. The loom, in its many structural iterations, is essentially an apparatus to keep threads taut and move those threads in a mechanical operation of binary code (up or down). 

While discussing Adnan’s tapestry works, Lynne Tillman writes, “Weaving is a way to consider entanglement, say, of love and hate, of small events and great ones, of an individual in culture.”[^4] As a weaver it is impossible to not feel the enormity of cloth as industry, as (often) exploitative labour, as resistance (luddites!), and as a complicated ethnographic object. How does one begin to make sense of cloth as the most ubiquitous material in contemporary life, often produced violently in our highly industrialized, globalized world? Or of weaving as the most ancient of crafts? Or cloth as bourgeois marker? Cloth can also be a material expression of local agriculture. Cloth can be a record of a language, or the material of state independence. Cloth is the material of home and of the body. It’s what we are born into and later die in. Weavers are so dramatic! And we feel the weight of cloth. 

In March 2023, I visited the home of the late Paola Besana in Milano. The small three-bedroom flat holds a studio to host weaving workshops, a historical textile library, and an expansive collection of handmade objects containing her central curiosity: woven structures. Besana’s interest in woven structures had her working across disciplines: visual art with a focus on sculpture, performance, historical textile research, teaching, and design and production across interior decoration, fashion, and industrial design. Hers was a very alive, deeply curious, and devoted practice. And in Italy, where cloth is still woven by hand in many parts of the country, Besana’s work was especially relevant. After passing in 2021, a team of artist-collaborators, students, and family have maintained Besana’s home as an archive of her practice, and a site for research open to the public. Anna Ravano, an artist and former collaborator of Besana’s, hosted my visit and mentioned that artists, architects, historians, industrial designers, mathematicians, anthropologists, and weavers all come to Besana’s home for research—all of them are interested in woven structures. During my visit, I spent time researching in her library, but I also spent a good, slow time looking at the tools and handmade objects hanging on her walls and from her ceiling. Hand-woven wire mason sieves, baskets woven in wildly complex hexagonal structures, and of course, hand-woven cloth. Besana was unconcerned with the designations of “art” and “craft.” She created work across disciplines freely. She researched and educated freely. She hung the sieve on her wall in wonder. With Besana in mind, can you imagine any preoccupations with the disciplinary boundaries of “art” and “craft”? How embarrassing, how suffocating. 

In _Small Fires: An Epic in the Kitchen_ (2022), a book about cooking and repetitive practice, Rebecca May Johnson writes a chapter titled “The Kitchen is a Weaving Room.” When I first arrived at this writing I was electrified. I have commonly described weaving as similar to cooking (repetitive, highly methodical) and cloth as similar to food (as omnipresent and plural as heads on Earth). Johnson writes, “I am writing an epic in which I cook the same recipe a thousand times. I will make big dick claims about the knowledge that is produced through this cooking. I am writing against the tendency for people to diminish cooking as almost the opposite of thought. Cliché is served with a side of cliché to make such work appear minor, uncomplicated, or almost accidental: unworthy of critical attention.”[^5] Like Johnson, I want to make big dick claims about weaving, as I have watched with great amusement at the ways people (artists included) often receive the information of woven cloth with great indifference. I will insist that weaving is not simply talking to oneself. But any big dick claim cannot fully articulate the devotion of sitting at the loom—such claims would only get folded into the _continuous present_ of weft threads built line by line into the warp’s scaffold. And though the cloth itself rarely marks this devotion, weavers know the absurd spending of time required for its making. 
 
 
 
##### Hello. I originally asked Anni to write this with me, and then, for a litany of reasons both personal and general, I was not able to. Though I have some sadness that we couldn’t write together, I’m very glad that it presented a space for Anni to make some word-shaped thoughts around her very special practice, a practice that means so much to me. When I saw the call for pitches on Craft, I immediately thought of Anni and a strange, public conversation we had a couple of years ago. Anni and I bonded in our planning process for this public talk, manically sending thoughts back and forth over email, making playlists, and making a map underneath a seemingly disconnected landscape of craft, music, and art. What we were trying to dig at was the DIY ethos that we have seen build, knit, and shape communities—more specifically, our communities, separate and together, over many years. At a picnic table in a park last year, we picked up on some of the threads we weren’t able to tie in during the talk. We spoke about how, for much of our lives, we hadn’t realized that we had persistent interests (or maybe we thought our work was athematic), because we’d both followed such circuitous paths to where we currently are. I may be putting words in Anni’s mouth, but I feel like we settled something through that conversation that is confirmed here in Anni’s piece: what we both value most is the negative space, the area around the object(s) at the centre of the ceremony, the place where human bodies gather, where meaning accumulates. The value in the time that’s spent, and the time that’s marked, absurdly.—D St-Amour


[^1]: In her text “Thread-Twisters,” which accompanied Anne Low’s exhibition “Figure like hearse” at the Southern Alberta Art Gallery (2020– 2021), Lisa Robertson writes, “And also like a language, or any human know-how, if weaving is not consistently practiced and hence transformed, it can recede from community knowledge.” 
[^2]: Naess acknowledges this in _Weavers Discourse_: “There are different ways to use a loom. When I get this loom set up I will use it differently than my grandmother, who always obeyed the grid, going back and forth, back and forth, all the way across, like a slinky with one clear path to the bottom of the staircase. I will use it instead to make a tapestry, which will require a different butterfly hanging loose from the warp for each of the colors I choose to wedge into place. This is called a haute lisse or basse lisse, accumulating its imagery by the weaver’s will and fingers rather than the scheme prescribed by the grid and the obedient shuttle.” From _Weavers Discourse: Fragments, No. 1 Origins_ (New York City: 321 Gallery, 2016). 
[^3]: Richard Kostelanetz wrote of Gertrude Stein’s use of repetition, “by dominating the reader’s attention, repetitions become a device for focusing and emphasis; a passage is remembered in terms of this repeated material.” And he continues, “In reading Stein, one finds that the reapplication of attention, especially after a lapse or rebuff, can produce a range of unusual effects, because the reader’s mind is forced out of its customary perceptual procedures.” From "Gertrude Stein: the new literature," _Hollins Critic_ 12, no. 3 (1975). 
[^4]: Tillman continues, “Adnan titled her essay about how she came to do this work ‘Life Is a Weaving.’ ‘A weaving’ is one of a multitude, not ‘the’ only one. There are many ways and approaches, many versions of society and culture, many kinds of poetry and art. Life wears a coat of many colors. A Bible story could be a line in a poem, and an ancient tradition can make things new or renew them.” From “Etel Adnan,” _4Columns_, December 4, 2020, https://4columns.org/ tillman-lynne/etel-adnan 
[^5]: Johnson continues, “Similar thinking lies behind Sigmund Freud’s suggestion in 1933 that women’s only discovery in the history of civilization is the invention of weaving. But even that, Freud speculates, was probably only an imitation of nature.” Freud suggested that nature was a model for women’s invention of weaving (not ideation). In fact, he claimed that women were imitating the growth of pubic hair. From _Small Fires: An Epic in the Kitchen_ (London: Pushkin Press, 2020), 38.

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Anni Araújo Spadafora threads together discussions around contemporary textile-based artists, noise music, myth, and memory. With editorial contributions from D. St-Amour, Spadafora interprets the hours of time spent on the loom as a kind of devotional repetition that makes absurd temporalities possible and reveals patterns of life. 


Marking Time Spent Absurdly

Holly Chang is an artist, curator, researcher, and writer living in Toronto who has recently completed her MA in Communication and Culture at TMU/York University. Her overall artistic work explores the themes of her second-generation mixed-race identity. She maintains cultural ties with her cross-cultural identity and draws on her hybrid background for inspiration. 


> **Holly Chang: How would you describe your practice?** 

**Akash Inbakumar:** My practice primarily focuses on craft, methodology, and world-building as a way of storytelling. I focus on material kin as a way of conceiving or making an alternative form of family while queering the notion of family-making. I conceptualize my weaving as a process of sex between the loom and myself. The fabric is the child we conceive through our ritual. The cloth then carries genetic information—it tells a story, carrying context from me as the maker, but also from the materials and equipment that I use. My exhibition “Era of the Moon: Phases” [Art Gallery of Burlington, 2023] investigated cyclical patterns in our lives and used the moon as a metaphor for how we go through these changes. 

“Era of the Moon” is a part of a much bigger story, inspired by the in-depth world-building of the video game _Elden Ring_. This show is one part of a three-part story, with the working title _An Age of False Gods_. The other parts are “Era of Stars” and “Era of Rot”; Stars is about connectivity and navigation, Moon is where we have made all these connections, and Rot is where everything falls apart, but the matter from the decay forms new stars in a cycle of creation, manifestation, and destruction. 

> **HC: Can you describe “Era of the Moon” as if someone has never seen it? As well as what you’d want a viewer to take away from the show?** 

**AI:** The exhibition had four components: in the centre, hand-woven and hand-stitched garments hung on a custom made palm wood structure, which acted as an armature to symbolize the figures of two dancers. A large cotton fabric piece, where I used lace-stitching to connect the panels, covered the ceiling and depicted a batik [an Indonesian technique of wax-resist dyeing] moon in the middle. The back wall featured a three-panel triptych made using shibori [a Japanese dye technique typically used with indigo dye] with the image of two batik hands holding pearls, and pearl embellishments in the stitching. Lastly, there was a video of a performance that captured two dancers in movement with the garments, who orbited each other like the relation of the moon with the earth. 

I’d want the viewer to recognize the abundance of natural metaphors in the world that can console us. We can be very polarized by the world we are in and often forget it as a place to look for answers. During the pandemic, the moon was my biggest support. It was a guiding light for me at night—having that companionship helped me a lot. This was my thanks to the moon. The viewer doesn’t have to be attached to the moon, but I hope that they can go into the world and find metaphor and support through nature. 

> **HC: I am interested in circling back to your concept of material kin— can you speak to how it comes through in the exhibition?** 

**AI:** Primarily, material kin comes through for me in the wearable pieces— how do I get the viewer to interact with the garment? Often when garments are displayed, they are very stagnant. I had an opportunity this time to work with Roya DelSol, who is my co-director for the video, and choreographer Sofi Gudiño. The choreography involved us listening to what the textile had to say. For the viewer, beyond the movement and looking at the other pieces, I think of the textiles as roadmaps that can lead the way. The kinship part includes what kin can do with each other—they lead the way when you are stuck or stay with you where you are stuck. It doesn’t always have to be about moving forward. I hoped the ceiling piece would have an element of comfort, giving the viewer the sense of being wrapped in a textile womb, as it engulfed them. 

The notion of material kin is from the book _Staying With the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene_ by Donna J. Haraway. She talks about making kin with animals and hybrid species in speculative fiction, where people are being gene-spliced, and children have three parents. I thought this was a beautiful concept especially in this time of ecological terror. I was really interested in doing the same, making kin, with material. It’s my proposition to the question of, “How do we pass on information?” This is slightly post-human. When you are wearing my garments, they act as a second skin and transform the wearer into a material kin hybrid that is more than its parts. 

I don’t always view material kinship as 50/50. Maybe it’s more like 33 percent, 33 percent, 33 percent (plus the decimals)—between me, the material, and the equipment, where we are all agents of change and practice. In that sense, I believe in material agency when something breaks or reacts in a way that the maker wasn’t expecting. It’s up to the maker to develop a skill set and vernacular of working with something over time, to understand the language of that entity or being. 

> **HC: What do you think about the agency of the objects you create and its connection to craft and other craft practices/processes?** 

**AI:** How my material kin connect with deeper narratives of craft and craft-making stems from a romanticized vision of craft. An example of this is that often motifs in clothing came from the world our ancestors lived in. The paisley pattern that originally came from the Middle East and travelled to South Asia became really tied with the image of a mango because that’s what people had around, and it is similar in shape. It reminds me of when religions hybridize to form new gods and rituals. A lot of Pagan rituals were integrated into Christianity—these motifs come from another place that gets reinterpreted in context and narrative. To me, these are hybrid children of all these cross-pollinations through generations, which carry knowledge in their bodies. This is my personal perspective on why people have biological kin/children. I think there is this idea of you yourself passing down knowledge, to this new being. I think material can also do that, and objects can be made with love and feelings and be associated with conceiving. I love the double entendre of conceiving an idea and the physical idea of conceiving a child. 

> **HC: You’re directly involved with the performance that is part of the exhibition—how did that begin, and how is your craft practice embedded in performance? Does performance have a possibility to be an extension of craft?** 

**AI:** It’s been quite the journey to get to performance and moving in my own work. I’ve always gravitated toward making wearables. In my first year at OCAD U, I had made quite a few but was always too shy to perform in them. So, I would install them like artefacts: on the floor, half-buried like it was a “performative artefact.” It was me being shy, but I would wear them and strut around the studio like a diva. But to conceptually move in them the way I wanted to, I felt like I couldn’t.

For a long time, I was making wearables and not wearing them. Eventually I got really depressed in my practice and stopped making for a while. This whole time, these material kin were screaming at me, “We want to be worn, we want to be performed in.” Finally, I applied to the Plug-N-Play residency with the Toronto Dance Theatre, and was accepted. 

The first day was me absorbing the humongous space. I also felt very imposter-y, like this could have gone to an actual dancer. The second day, I put on the costumes and realized how intuitive the movement was. I let the garments guide me. It was a big boost of confidence to take the jump and have that space to practice and explore the movement. 

If I’m going to pivot and tell a sappy story, I feel like performance was a roadblock because of how much feedback I got from my parents about the way I moved my body. Being queer and BIPOC, I feel like it’s always a tight-rope. From the way I walked to the way I use a knife in my right hand and a fork in my left hand, I felt so self-conscious about any notion of my body being perceived. And to finally let go, there is still body dysmorphia that holds me back sometimes, but I think the first step was just doing it and letting it implode. 

I feel like there is the “craft of dance” and the “craft of cheese-making”; there are so many crafts. My question is “What is craft?”—which I don’t know. What I realized is there is this thing of “sampling” that forms a connective tissue between traditional notions of craft and material, and the craft of moving your body. In textiles, you’re probably going to make a few samples to explore techniques. In dance, Sofi and I were getting to know each other’s bodies and leaning into each other to understand body weight and how each of us distributes our weight. I didn’t realize all these building blocks that dance can have. Repetition in dance is so familiar to me through the repetition of weaving or sample-making. 

> **HC: For me, I can see three distinct craft processes in the exhibition— indigo and natural dyeing, weaving, and costume-making. Can you talk more about your processes?** 

**AI:** Shibori and batik have become two of my favourite processes. I used to be against surface design techniques. I used to buy yarns and not dye them, to focus on the weave structure. During the pandemic, I didn’t have access to my loom and I gravitated toward natural dye, which is safe to do at home. Dyeing using shibori and batik feels more freeform, and I want to engage in processes that I like doing—I don’t want to force myself to conceive kin. 

When I started draping woven wearables on my body, I was like, “Oh this works!” My first instinct now with textiles isn’t to put them on the wall, but how can I play with them on my body? I wouldn’t call myself a costume maker. I think about them as wearable sculptures; I don’t mass-produce anything and they are not very functional. It is more like the costume is wearing you than you are wearing the costume—if you move the wrong way, it will slip off. 

> **HC: Do you feel like your analogue processes engage with the canon and histories of craft? How does your practice expand on more traditional values?** 

**AI:** I think what draws me to more traditional practices is repetition. Even digital weaving still has a lot of repetition. But I like that analogue is slow— with that time, so much communication happens between me and the material. I think the history of craft and any traditional craft practice (at least the ones that come to mind) is based in community and sharing material. I wouldn’t say my practice begins from picking raw fibre—the craft industries used to be so interconnected, where you would know where the material comes from and the person processing your yarn. And before that, you were the one processing the raw fibre, letting it dry, spinning and weaving it, and making fabric for your kin/family. There is something that I romanticize about that whole process, a kind of richness of technology. 

I find that repetition is a way of investing yourself into what you are making. I often think about my mom’s Buddhist prayers; you repeat them daily, and it shows your worship and commitment to something. My first [moon] work was a lot of hand-stitching rope, and each stitch is a mantra of my thanks. My mind is in the work because of how repetitive it is. If it is in a community base, you are surrounded by people doing the same thing or working to the same goal. 

> **HC: When you talk about community, even looking at the zine you produced for “Era of the Moon,” I see so many names included. How do you think community figures into the creation of your show, and craft more broadly?** 

**AI:** This exhibition took a village to make. In the craft perspective, I want to delve into each component of the show... 

For weaving, I was taught in a formal university setting and I was weaving with a bunch of peers and had a teacher to ask. The first time we wound a warp was in a group—one person was counting the thread, the other person was talking and hopefully didn’t lose the thread count. This engraved in me that weaving can be done alone, but also as a group. Every time I weave, I’m reminded of who taught me, from the way I dress my loom to the way I know how to keep a thread in tension. 

In the show specifically, even in filming—how many people are on set to bring your vision to life is astonishing to me. There’s the PA, AD, director, camera grip, lighting person, etc. On filming day, there were 15 people on set that I had never met, but they were all there to be a part of the process. As an artist, often art practices today are a “one-man show” until you are installing, then you have a team. From social media to self-promotion, documentation, making the work—to me, this is ridiculous. It takes a village to even be an artist, and with this project, I was able to obtain a Canada Council grant to pay a competitive rate to my studio assistants and everyone I worked with. To have these people to bounce my ideas off of—to know they supported my vision—felt great and made the work feel fuller. 

The goal of my work is to world-build; to do this alone leads to the world that we are living in today where very few people have a voice. To be a leader is about sharing and this takes so many voices and feedback. I kept telling Sofi, “Please direct in a way where we are working with the cloth, but if you want to throw something in, throw it in.” With Roya, I said, “Listen, if there is a shot you see, ring it in. I trust what you see, your expertise, what you are bringing to the table.” With the fabrication team, I was asking, “What do you think of this, what does this look like?” I can be a liaison because other people have great ideas and there are things you haven’t thought of. People that we often forget are the install team, which included Joseph Thomson, Rollin King, Jasmine Mander, Yahn Nemirovsky, Samuel Kwan, and Miao Xuan Liu. You can make work and it’s half the game; the last part is how you install it. Installs can make or break the work. I came with no install plan to the gallery and described it to the team, who brought the vision to life and worked with me to adapt and change. I couldn’t have done it without all of them. 

---


**Akash Inbakumar** is an artist based in Tkaronto/Toronto. Their interdisciplinary practice uses installation, costumes, and performance to explore world-building, mythology, and kinship. Entering partnerships with multiple media, tools, and processes, they conceive material kin. These kin represent a world where craft objects play the role of storytellers who carry family lineage. Inbakumar is a recent graduate of OCAD U and has shown work at the Art Gallery of Burlington, Art Address (Oakville), The Robert McLaughlin Gallery (Oshawa), Artscape Gibraltar Point (Toronto), Patel Brown (Toronto), Xpace Cultural Centre (Toronto), and Riverdale Hub (Toronto). 


Akash Inbakumar is an artist based in Tkaronto/Toronto. Their interdisciplinary practice uses installation, costumes, and performance to explore world-building, mythology, and kinship. Entering partnerships with multiple media, tools, and processes, they conceive material kin. These kin represent a world where craft objects play the role of storytellers who carry family lineage. Inbakumar is a recent graduate of OCAD U and has shown work at the Art Gallery of Burlington, Art Address (Oakville), The Robert McLaughlin Gallery (Oshawa), Artscape Gibraltar Point (Toronto), Patel Brown (Toronto), Xpace Cultural Centre (Toronto), and Riverdale Hub (Toronto). 


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Relational

Holly Chang interviews Akash Inbakumar about their practice, which focuses on craft methodologies and performance as a way of building worlds. Centred on a discussion of “Era of the Moon: Phases,” their 2023 solo exhibition at the Art Gallery of Burlington, Inbakumar explores what it means to make kin with material.

The Moon and Material Kin: Interview with Akash Inbakumar

I perform a series of manual gestures leaving the gallery: a parting wave, a pump of sanitizer, one curt pull to open the door, another to unmask, and a plunge into my pocket to retrieve my phone. My touches continue as I walk away from Xpace and its artworks, unpausing a podcast or sighting my phone’s camera on the spectacles that beckon me home through Toronto’s west end.

This procession of gestures moves me away from _Hands that gather and forget_, an installation work by Ana Luisa Bernárdez Notz and Sebastián Rodríguez y Vasti, which showed at Xpace in the fall of 2020\. _Hands_ comprises an archive of images selected from a merged collection of photographs taken between 2015 and 2019 during the artists’ annual trips to their family homes in Venezuela. Printed on silk organza, the scenes—embraces, portraits, seascapes, and domestic interiors—hang by their corners, dispersed among a cloudscape of white gauze. The fabrics confront the viewer as a diaphanous mass animated by currents of air, inviting the viewer to enter, brush aside the immensity of the archive’s blanks, and pull an image up by its corner. Even then, the photographs that stand out against the countless absences barely register on the silk whispering in the din of the gauze.

As I walk home, the city’s immodest scenes begin to fray my nascent impression of the work. At some point, my eye catches a thread of white gauze clinging to the breast of my coat. Despite my care while moving through the archive and handling its records, my sense-making was a disturbance into the archive that loosened its weave. Pinching the thread, I begin to appreciate the gravity in the gestures that _Hands_ invites. My interaction with _Hands_ was part of an unbroken movement of the day’s acts. It existed not only as an archive to be viewed, but as a reality to be lived through, calling on the same kinds of gestures through which I grasped at door handles, tapped my phone, or embraced lovers. In this haptic archive, the act of memory takes on a concreteness, as manual labour. At the same time, this gesture becomes intimately bound up with the unravelling and absence of the world it intends to recall from the archive’s burdened records— an intrusion which the viewer’s self-awareness only intensifies through their act of looking.

At the end of September, I meet with the artists via Zoom to ask about their documentary practice, and the work of materializing the resulting archive in _Hands’_ sculptural form. Bernárdez and Rodríguez speak of a shared compulsion to register their affective experience of place on their yearly visits home. The artists describe how, like memory, their photographs emerge as an unpremeditated gesture that arises with the fullness and impermanence of feeling. As the young artists persistently assert in their growing bodies of work, familial AND documentary objects ambivalently measure this fullness, but also the loss, of each vital moment that they register.

As a sensory response to precarity, too, the artists’ documentary practice shoulders the immense uncertainty of Venezuela’s political situation, a crisis whose magnitude is reflected in the vastness of the artists’ archives. The scale of their archive amassing under these precarious circumstances made for a daunting, melancholic task of sorting through the images, a stationary labour only recently afforded to the artists by the pandemic and its temporality of pause.

Handling the photographs, I sense how these contexts loom over the installation, woven not only through their scenes but in the physical form of the installation itself. Like the ongoing pandemic, _Hands’_ tissues hang in delicate suspension, demanding that the viewers navigate with a heightened awareness of their intrusion, their touch and presence. Yet, this intensified sensitivity also resonates beyond the pandemic’s epoch, arriving out of a broader sculptural tradition concerned with generative ruptures in ordinary sense-experience. Originally coined by Carter Ratcliff to describe early installation works in this tradition—notably Bruce Nauman’s corridor pieces of the early ’70s— the notion of an “adversary space” helps account for Hands as a provocation within, but not of, the gallery’s sightly environment. As the viewer-participant moves into the installation, _Hands_ pressures them with a heightened sensitivity which, along with the demand for—or anticipation of—movement, lends the installation sculptural texture. If the gallery or photographic archive is a primarily sight-based situation consisting of diaphanous screens imaging distant times and places, _Hands_ opens itself differently. It registers what it activates: a gesture, a performance of awareness, and a haptics of inspection.

Considering how it dismantles the archival object into a sensuous performance of gestures, _Hands_ also recalls the work of Lygia Clark, who gradually divested her sculptural practice from the production of objects. Midway through her career, Clark self-exiled to France in 1968, during the height of Brazil’s military dictatorship. Having gained proximity to French psychoanalytic milieux, she produced a late body of prepositional works in which she used a variety of objects to provoke bodily sensations in private sessions with participants. However, as the psychoanalyst Suely Rolnik notes in an interview with Lars Bang Larsen, Clark’s mobilization of sense-feeling as the primary artistic and therapeutic medium made documentation of these experimentations difficult. Her sessions were inherently intersubjective, processual, and, in a way, too private to be captured. Nevertheless, Clark did not work in isolation from the gallery or, for that matter, the broader social and political contexts of individual feeling. Within these contexts, Clark asserted her art/therapy hybrid as an intervening poetics of sensation.

Like Clark’s late work, _Hands_ also refashions the documentary object as a means to a sensuous experience, particularly one of memory. In one regard, the diaphanous images deny outright the possibility of a clinical revival of experience from the photographs.  
Yet, this denial also advocates for sensuous immersion in a fraying archive, even demanding that the viewer perform a labour of remembrance to animate the weave of memory and interstitial absence, regardless of the outcome of these gestures. As _Hands_ shows, remembrance comprises both a holding-to and a holding, as if the two are the same gesture applied with the soft force of the hand.

Body Language

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Reviewing the exhibition _Hands that gather and forget_ by Ana Luisa Bernárdez Notz and Sebastián Rodríguez y Vasti at Xpace Cultural Centre (September 8-October 2, 2020), Alex Lepianka explores how the exhibition “refashions the documentary object as a means to a sensuous experience, particularly one of memory.”

Hands that gather and forget: Ana Luisa Bernárdez Notz and Sebastián Rodríguez y Vasti

**Olivia Whetung** is anishinaabekwe and a member of Curve Lake First Nation. She completed her BFA with a minor in anishinaabemowin at Algoma University in 2013, and her MFA at the University of British Columbia in 2016\. Whetung works in various media, including beadwork, printmaking and digital media. Her work explores acts of/active native presence, as well as the challenges of working with/in/through Indigenous languages in an art world dominated by the English language. Her work is informed in part by her experiences as an anishinaabemowin learner. Whetung is from the area now called the Kawarthas, and presently resides on Chemong Lake.

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[^1]: See Jonathan Lockyer, _tibewh_ (Peterborough: Artspace, 2017), 1\. This brochure accompanied the exhibition _tibewh_ at Artspace in Peterborough from March 3 to April 22, 2017\. This exhibition presented the entire suite of beaded designs depicting each lock along the Trent–Severn Waterway, Ontario, which is 368 kilometers long and connects Lake Ontario to Georgian Bay. Parts of this waterway are man-made canals while others expanded and altered existing rivers.
[^2]: This information came from a conversation with the artist on March 18, 2017 that was continued through email correspondence with the artist on April 16, 2017\. Olivia Whetung learned the term \_wenji-bimaadiziyaang from this book: Brenda J. Child, _My Grandfather’s Knocking Sticks: Ojibwe Family Life and Labor on the Reservation_ (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2014), 23.
[^3]: See Lisa Myers, “ozhichige” In _Slip the Snare: UBC Master of Fine Arts Graduate Exhibition 2016_ (Vancouver: Belkin Art Gallery, UBC, 2016), 26.
[^4]: James T. Angus, _A Respectable Ditch: A History of the Trent-Severn Waterway, 1833-1920_ (Kingston: McGill University Press, 1988), 5.

Artist

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Whetung’s practice combines traditional material practices, performance, and navigation of language, heritage, and land. In her most recent series, “tibewh”, Whetung created bead-embroidered pieces representing portions of the Trent-Severn Waterway, exploring the alienation of Anisshinaabe history and reassigning significance to colonized waters.

tibewh

eunice bélidor is a curator, researcher, and writer born and based in Montreal. Her current curatorial research focuses on letter writing as creating affective archives; she is interested in the intersection of epistolary writing with care, feminism, anti-capitalism, and racial issues.

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eunice bélidor uses BDSM protocols of consent, boundaries, communication, negotiation, and accountability to explore how to safely navigate relationships with art institutions and each other.

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What is the Safe Word?

Joshua Segun-Lean’s writing has appeared in _Republic Journal, The Brooklyn Rail_, and elsewhere.

For more than a decade, Rehab Nazzal’s multidisciplinary work has documented the deeply ruinous effects of settler colonialism in her home country of Palestine. Now, as Israel’s ongoing attacks on Gaza and the West Bank continue, she reflects on the role images have played in Palestinian resistance. 

**Joshua Segun-Lean (JSL):** When we last spoke, you had just made the perilous journey from your hometown in Jenin to Bethlehem. Since the start of Israel’s occupation of the West Bank, such a journey has been fraught for Palestinians, and marked by constant confrontation with Israel’s architecture of domination. This includes military check-points, fences, and walls, as well as air, land, and sea blockades—a spatial regime intended to curtail and criminalize Palestinian movement at every turn. Your recent photography book, _Driving in Palestine_ (2023), testifies to the scale and severity of this regime. Joining other Palestinians, you have documented the outcome of Israel’s ongoing bombardment in Gaza and the West Bank: several thousand injured and dead, many still lost under rubble, desecrated cemeteries and monuments, and levelled historic sites. One implication of Israel’s continued onslaught is that the images in your book—of street corners, buildings, and olive groves across the West Bank—might be the only evidence of what these sites looked like before they were turned into ruins. In other words, _Driving in Palestine_ has likely become, in the months since its publication last year, a kind of archival document, a historical record of Palestinian life and lands. I hoped we might begin here. I wonder how this awareness that the people and sites you photograph today might be destroyed by tomorrow informs how you approach and evaluate your work—especially now?
 
**Rehab Nazzal (RN):** Photographing in Palestine is always shadowed by the spectre of elimination—a well-known goal of settler colonialism, evident throughout history and across different regions. For over a hundred years, since the inception of the settler-colonial project in Palestine by Britain, attempts to displace or eliminate the indigenous Palestinian population and to expropriate their lands have persisted. The genocide and ethnic cleansing unfolding at this very moment in Gaza and the West Bank are an attempt to continue what began at the turn of the 20th century.
 
When I photograph people, the thought that they might be arrested or killed is often present in my mind. This is also true when I photograph the land and built environment; I fear these sites will be replaced by exclusively Israeli spaces, like new roads, new military training sites, and new public parks. A striking precedent for this was the construction of what is now called “Canada Park.” In the late ’70s, a recreational park for Israelis funded by the Canadian chapter of the Jewish National Fund (JNF) was built over the ruins of three Palestinian villages occupied in 1967: Imwas, Yalu, and Beit Nuba. The JNF’s charitable status meant that tax-deductible Canadian money directly funded the park. In 1967, the villages’ 10,000 inhabitants were forcibly displaced by Israel’s military forces, and their villages were subsequently blown up. Another example is the construction of the “Museum of Tolerance” over the Mamilla Cemetery in Jerusalem. Can all these practices erase a people? The answer is found by looking back to the successful resistance to European colonization of Algeria, South Africa, and other territories across the world.
 
I don’t merely photograph suffering and destruction. I document the endurance, resilience, and determination that characterize the spirit of Sumoud (the Palestinian concept of steadfast perseverance in the face of military occupation, colonization, and apartheid). I engage with communities on the ground as a participant rather than an outside photographer or researcher. Images of suffering, Sumoud, and resistance offer a comprehensive narrative of the Palestinian experience, which encompasses not just the challenges Palestinians face but also their persistence in the face of mighty colonial powers.
 
**JSL:** Recently, you’ve noticed a practice among Palestinians of printing photographs of martyrs directly onto slabs of stone and glass. What does this practice, which eschews the domesticity of the picture frame and transforms otherwise ordinary pieces of urban infrastructure into sites of remembrance, reveal about the relationship between Sumoud, the survival of Palestinian memory, and photography?
 
**RN:** Indeed, I am observing and documenting the Israel Occupation Forces (IOF) targeting photographs of martyrs and freedom prisoners—many of whom are sentenced to several life sentences in Israeli prisons. Not only are the images targeted, but the infrastructure required to make them, such as printing presses, is also destroyed. 
 
Photographs are engraved on stone, glass, metal, and other materials found in public and private spaces, especially in the refugee camps. In these camps, where the struggle and resistance are centred, communities bury their martyrs and place their photographs on their graves. They also build memorials in front of houses with photographs as central components, and construct collective memorials by pasting posters across the walls of the camps. Stone memorials are found in roundabouts, city squares, electricity poles, and light boxes. Walking through the streets of the Jenin refugee camp, a frequent target of the IOF, one is surrounded by portraits of predominantly young Palestinians killed through assassination, bombing, or confrontations with invading IOF. In the city of Jenin, for instance, these portraits are displayed in squares named after icons of resistance as well as those martyred in recent months, such as Dalal Almograbi, George Habash, Ziad Zirini, Atef Yusef Hanaisheh, and Khaled Nazzal, among others. 
 
The act of engraving images of martyrs in public places not only preserves memories and narratives of those commemorated but also transforms their stories into a collective belonging, a defiant stance against forgetting. “We want them with us all the time, looking at their images empowers us,” a young man from Jenin refugee camp said to me. These images symbolize resistance and the enduring struggle, embodying the aspirations of future generations.
 
The material used to engrave photographs, such as stones and glass, holds significant cultural and historical importance rooted in the Palestinian culture of resistance. The metaphorical relation between stone and memory is well-known: “If you want a memory to last, engrave it on stone,” is a saying I grew up hearing. Palestine’s topography is rich in limestone used in construction and art for thousands of years. Traditional Palestinian homes and buildings, made of such stones, have a distinct architectural style. Stones symbolize resistance, resilience, and rootedness to the land. Stone-throwing at invading and colonizing forces is a practice ingrained in Palestinian history. The “Stone Intifada” of 1987–1993 exemplifies the significance of stones in Palestinian resistance and identity. Palestinians of all ages engaged in six years of uprisings using mostly stones against the occupation forces. Glass, on the other hand, was developed in Palestine before the common era. Glass mosaics and vessels are found across Palestine, and the traditional method of glass-making in the city of Al-Khalil has survived for hundreds of years.
 
**JSL:** As you’ve noted, the symbolic importance of embedding photographs in these materials exceeds any strict separation between aesthetics, politics, and practices of placemaking. In this use, photographs, stones, and glass become living matter. They testify. What is, in Palestine today, the photograph’s testimony?
 
**RN:** In Palestine, the creation and circulation of photographs defy the confined walls of museums and galleries, revealing a different meaning of the photograph for the Palestinian people. For us, photography embodies a multilayered and enduring history of the Palestinian struggle itself. The photograph not only preserves memory—it is a part of the struggle against a settler-colonial power that seeks to erase the existence and narratives of the Palestinian people. Images also play a significant role in exposing the limits of what is called “international law” that is supposed to uphold rights, dignity, and equality for all, but actually denies all these to those who don’t serve the interests of empire, whether they are Black and Indigenous peoples in the Global North, or those in the Global South including the Palestinian people. Photographs for Palestinians signify a connection to their land and properties from which over six million refugees are prevented from returning or even visiting. Photography helps connect refugees with the shattered and besieged Palestinian society, spanning the diaspora and the enclaves blockaded by walls, under a brutal colonial and apartheid system. When, rarely and after long, desperate waiting, visits are permitted to Palestinians in Israeli jails, these freedom prisoners can only glimpse their loved ones from afar, behind bars and glass partitions. For many families, photographs stand in as tangible mementos against this terrible separation. 
 
**JSL:** What realities might seriously attending to the fullness of this photographic record, as well as all it might still be unable to contain, force the wider public to confront?
 
**RN:** We are witnessing an unprecedented moment in the production and circulation of images of atrocity, as we see a genocide being reported live by its victims. We are watching as an entire population in Gaza is slaughtered and subjected to starvation, brutal bombardment, and displacement. Within 143 days, 1.9 million Palestinians have been displaced, over 30,000 killed and over 73,000 injured, including 13,100 children. Many of these children have lost one or both parents, and a large number of families have been massacred and erased from the civil registry.

We are witnesses to the erasure of thousands of residential buildings, hospitals, and schools, as well as infrastructure and cultural, religious, and public institutions. The images of the ongoing genocide have exposed Western complicity in supporting, arming, and shielding the State of Israel not only during these atrocities but also for the past 106 years. 




Rehab Nazzal is a Palestinian-born multidisciplinary artist currently based in Montreal, Canada and Bethlehem, Palestine. Her work deals with the effects of settler-colonial violence on the bodies and minds of colonized peoples, on the land, and on other non-human life. Nazzal’s video, photography, and sound works have been exhibited in solo and group exhibitions across Canada and internationally. Dr. Nazzal was an assistant professor at Dar Al-Kalima University in Bethlehem and has taught at Simon Fraser University, Western University, and Ottawa School of Art. She is a Postdoctoral Fellow at Concordia University, and the recipient of several awards, including the Social Justice Award from Toronto Metropolitan University and the Edmund and Isobel Ryan Visual Arts award in photography from the University of Ottawa.

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Joshua Segun-Lean speaks with Rehab Nazzal about the role of the photograph in bearing witness to both the ongoing Israeli violence in Palestine, and Palestinian resistance and steadfastness (Sumoud). Segun-Lean and Nazzal discuss the work of photography under the threat of memoricide, and the formal and stylistic in(ter)ventions imposed on the image by this threat.

Palestine, Memoricide, and the Photograph’s Testimony: An Interview with Rehab Nazzal

C Mag

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